Looking back 40 years

Research into environmental sensing and acclimation

Pedro J. Aphalo

2024-05-28

Presentation roadmap

  • Where I come from
  • What research I have been doing
  • What is my expertise
  • What are my skills
  • Finding shared interests

Parallel “lives” as researcher

  • Plants and their environment
  • Research instrumentation
  • Data and computers

These subjects and skills have been intertwined during my whole life, influencing and facilitating each other.

Research subjects have varied over 40 years but there has been continuity in the development of ideas with some ups and downs.

Timeline summary of places

flowchart TB
    subgraph "1956-1987 Argentina"
    B[Family farm + INTA] --> C
    C[Univ. Buenos Aires, Ing. Agr., MSc]
    end
    subgraph "1987-1991 UK"
    C --> D[Univ. Edinburgh, PhD]
    end
    subgraph "1991- FINLAND"
    D --> E[METLA Suonenjoki]
    E --> F[Univ. Joensuu] --> H
    E --> G[METLA Joensuu] --> H
    H[Univ. Jyväskylä] --> I
    I[Univ. Helsinki] -.-> J
    J(Retirement):::retirementclass
    J -.-> K((?)):::futureclass
    end
 classDef retirementclass fill:#FFA
 classDef futureclass fill:#AFA

It all started in our farm

  • My mother owned a bookshop in Buenos Aires, frequented by writers and academics.
  • My father managed the family farm (mostly cattle) and collaborated in research by INTA, Argentina’s “Luke”.
  • Exposed as a young boy to research and researchers of several nationalities.
  • As a teenager I was already more interested in crops and farm machinery than in cattle.

At the university

  • 1982: Ing. Agr. with focus on crop breeding (Bs. Aires).1
  • 1989: M. Sc. in Plant Production (Bs. Aires).2
  • 1991: Ph. D. in Science (Edinburgh).3
  • 2001: Dosentti in Physiological Plant Ecology (Joensuu).

Jobs in Finland

  • 1992-1994: at METLA Suonenjoki, working with Risto Rikala and Hessu Smolander. I also collaborated with Elina Vapaavuori.
  • 1995-2001: Joensuu, with short-term contracts, at the University of Joensuu and METLA, as well as fellowships (contibuted to “root lab”).
  • 2001-2006: University of Jyväskylä: Lecturer (Yliassistentti) in Environmental Statistics and Metrics.
  • 2006-2024: University of Helsinki: Lecturer/Senior Lecturer in Physiological Plant Ecology.

My “historical” research topics

  • Most of the research I have lead as PI has related to plants’ responses to neighbours/light/shade/UV or to plants’ water relations and drought.
  • I have contributed to research in other subjects: mineral nutrition, mycorrhizas, agronomy, forestry, economy, and even fish parasites. Collaborators: Tarja Lehto, Tapani Repo, Lena Finer.
  • I have published research articles, reviews, chapters, books and also data sets and software.

Fluctuating sunlight (PJA) Seedling spacing (PJA) Seedling spacing and light (PJA)

Minirhizotrons (PJA) UV-B lamps in greenhouse (PJA) UV-B lamps outdoors (PJA)

Solar UV radiation with filters (TKK) Solar UV radiation with filters (TKK) Solar UV radiation with filters (TKK)

Top left, Buenos Aires. Top center and righ, Suonenjoki. Middle row, Joensuu. Bottom row, Jyväskylä.

Current research focus

  • Preemptive acclimation to drought: theoretical framework, environmental cues and response mechanisms.
  • Functions of UVR8 and CRY, the UV photoreceptors, in day/sunlight vs. controlled environments.
  • Plants’ responses (growth, morphology, phenolics) to fluctuating visible light and UV radiation.
  • Theory: the definitions of stress and strain and their scaling up from plant-parts to communities.

Vicia faba

Thermal camera (PJA) Thermal camera (PJA)

Weather and light environment (PJA) Weather and light environment (PJA)

Growth chambers, yellow filters. Top row, left thermal camera, and right, thermal image. Thermal timelapse videos.

Medicago truncatula

Solar UV radiation and blue light with filters (NR) Medicago truncatula (YY) Medicago truncatula (YY)

Filtered sunlight at the Viikki reasearch field, and plants.

Light and weather measurements

  • 2021-: soil water and temperature profile 0-50 cm (1 h)
  • 2016-: weather variables (1 min)
  • 2016-April 2024: light data (1 min); May 2024-: (0.5 s)

Weather and light environment (PJA) Weather and light environment (PJA)

weather station at Viiki research field. See station web site.

Light spectrum measurements

  • Special protocol and calibration from STUK (Lasse Ylianttila).
  • Near-real time computations and direct data acquisition from within R.
  • Software already in use at Luke (Titta Kotilainen) and HU.
  • Wavelength range 250-1050 nm.

Research focus: acclimation
resource or information driven?

  • Insight: many responses involved in acclimation are slow and difficult to reverse.
  • Acclimation needs to be triggered in advance, but mistakes are costly to fitness or yield.

Recent paper coauthored with V. O. Sadras

  • Correlations and lags among variables (cues and signals) in the environment make this possible (e.g., anticipated shade avoidance).
  • Collaborators: Matthew Robson, Jorge J. Casal, Víctor O. Sadras, Marcel Jansen, Ariel Novoplansky.
  • Applications to agriculture and horticulture.
  • Collaborators: Titta Kotilainen, Alexey Shapiguzov, Tao Li, Elias Kaiser, Leo Marcelis, Daniel Calderini, Fred Stoddard, Hamid Khazei.
  • How do plants integrate information acquired from cues and signals?
  • … in time and space
  • Control seems to be layered: “meta-plasticity”, i.e., plasticity is plastic.
  • What are good sources of information in the environment? that plants can sense…
  • We know more about the plants’ responses than…
  • …about the details of the environment they are exposed to (natural or production).

Theory and the bigger picture

  • Stress and strain definitions at different levels of organization: a source of conflict.
  • Stress, acclimation and fitness definitions: are they consistent?
  • What plant-related research useful to horticulture/agriculture/forestry?
  • Collaborators: Víctor O. Sadras, Marcel Jansen.

Current methods focus

  • Light environment: high frequency \((\approx 5\,\mathrm{ms})\) and special geometries (hemispherical and radial entrance optics), broad-band and spectral measurements.
  • Simulated sunflecks and daylight with LEDs in controlled environments.
  • Software for acquisition, visualization and analysis of data.
  • “Technical” collaborators: Alan Morrison (U. C. Cork, electronic engineering), Stefan Langer (sglux GmbH, Berlin), Bentham Instruments (Reading, U.K.), Nikolai Belevich (Helsinki), Lasse Ylianttila (STUK).

Research after retirement

Thanks!